The year 2011 will be a very important commitments and celebrations. On the one hand, the European Commission has decided to dedicate it to the 'voluntary activities that promote active citizenship'. That's why this year I feel very often speak of the European Year of Volunteering, or, in the tradition that we prefer, of the European Year of Active Citizenship. On the other hand, this is the year of the 150th anniversary of the Unification of Italy. A deadline relevant not only to update the interpretations of the historical process that saw the birth of the Italian unit (1861), but, above all, to think together about Italy and that will, somehow, if this is possible, on next 150 years of life of our country.
On the one hand, therefore, a question emerges about the future of the idea of \u200b\u200bcitizenship in Europe and the potential of the innovative which is defined as 'active citizenship'. On the other hand, and together, opens the question of national citizenship, which deserves to be rethought in light of decades of history and, especially, in view of the building's common future.
A changing world
This dual appeal is part of a profound transformation in the global context. The German sociologist Ulrick Beck, for example, says the reality that we experience a process of cosmopolitanisation companies. In fact, while the practices of everyday life are increasingly inspired and guided by a transnational approach, the ruling classes and intellectuals continue to survive to an old tradition that identifies the roots of law and public policy in the exclusive national. The changing global society requires, conversely, a change in our habits of interpretation. The nation-state can no longer be considered the point of reference for the investigation of social and political phenomena, or more able to give all the answers to solve problems and to the accompaniment of the processes. Our societies are becoming increasingly 'transnational' due to several factors (universalization of human rights, the growth of transnational trade in cultural products, intensification and extension of roads, the spread of mobility human migration, etc.).. This is the background, today, the relationship between immigration and citizenship (if they have spoken to the Senate in January 25 the conference "new citizens" and sponsored by Active Citizenship by the U.S. Embassy in Italy). A relationship that we can begin to fathom from a question (in the sense that today's new immigrants have rights?) And a challenge (that of active citizenship and constitutional subsidiarity).
Immigrants are holders (which) rights?
This question can be answered first by acknowledging the passing of the nation-state nexus as a normative principle of the system of rights citizenship. Citizenship in its threefold variation based on rights, belonging and participation, meets the other regulatory criteria: recognition of the human person beyond his ties to a specific community, the concrete and active exercise of rights beyond the ownership formal of the same.
citizenship becomes 'post-national' and yet the international regime of human rights, to the set of rules, conventions, declarations substantiate that. In this renewed public spaces, the rights do not derive from the sovereignty of the nation state but by the "Constitution." It is no coincidence that the Italian Constitution is constructed in this Key progressive. On the one hand, it incorporates the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, upholding protection of rights that are well ahead of those related to national citizenship: just think of the right to health in immigrant citizens enjoy and that our health service National should pledge to protect, even if they are Italian citizens (see n.269/2010 of the Constitutional Court). Second, it opens to the profound changes that come from the construction of European citizenship, with its deep content of freedom. It says a new historical consciousness that distinguishes between the rights of personality (or, if you prefer, citizenship and constitutional Universal) that as such should be extended to 'all', and rights of citizenship (in key national), which can be recognized for the 'members' of a particular political community. In this framework, the rights of freedom for excellence, as such should be granted to all, and they are also the basis for the new European citizenship, it is precisely "the right of residence and the right of movement!
active citizenship, subsidiarity, immigration
If this reasoning, then, moves in the field of active citizenship perspective widens. Paragraph .118, uc of the Constitution shows how well the individual citizens or associated with carrying out activities of general interest are not holders of rights of national citizenship, but holders of basic rights 'constitutional' (ie, first of all human rights contained in international charters and rights of citizenship within the development of European standards). All citizens, therefore, including immigrants, are in a position to exercise their rights and to take responsibility in public life, to contribute to social development and civil place of residence. So to carry out activities of general interest. We are facing a substantial citizenship that develops in the politics of everyday life, well beyond purely formal questions of membership of a particular nation-state.
The set of all these considerations, pulling them in a very ancient past, the criteria for granting citizenship in force today. The Italian national's citizenship based on a sort of 'family law': you are a citizen by inheritance of blood or by marriage. How can I accept that citizenship is still acquires 'family tradition', in some way to 'fate' rather than 'choice' for the free and independent choice of who decides to live in our country, live there permanently sharing our common fate, and here we agree with their jobs, their economic activities, their civic initiatives in building a national community open, welcoming and inclusive?
The Mission of the Republic
face of all this, the overdeveloped bureaucratic management of a residence permit or a state of limbo in which they are convicted of second-generation immigrants (Italians to all intents and purposes) is a violence free , a negation of humanity itself beautiful and good in these subjects. In light of this reasoning, the mission of republican institutions should be quite different. First, it is to renew our commitment for the removal of obstacles to human development of all citizens, without distinction, as provided for in Article 3 of the Constitution. Secondly, based on the principle of subsidiarity enshrined in Article .118, uc, we must promote 'all' those citizens engaged in public interest by exercising rights and responsibilities. Even so, of course, will build an Italy more united and more European. It would be worthwhile to remember, in this special year 2011.
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